Bệnh tăng huyết áp nếu không điều trị có thể sẽ có biến chứng ở nhiều cơ quan khác như tim, não, thận, mạch máu... Tương tự như tiểu đường, tăng huyết áp có thể gây tổn thương trên những mạch máu nhỏ ở võng mạc (khu vực phía sau của mắt nơi hình ảnh tập trung). Bệnh này có tên gọi là bệnh võng mạc do tăng huyết áp. Tăng huyết áp có khả năng gây tắc nghẽn mạch máu ở mắt, chảy máu trong mắt, phù gai thị... ảnh hưởng tới thị lực người bệnh.
Trong những giai đoạn đầu, bệnh chưa gây ảnh hưởng nhiều đến thị lực nên dễ bỏ qua. Ở giai đoạn sau, khi đã có tổn thương và biến chứng nặng trên võng mạc, mắt sẽ bị mờ nhiều, điều trị khó khăn và khó hồi phục.
Những dấu hiệu sớm của bệnh võng mạc do tăng huyết áp là gì?
Thông thường, bệnh nhân sẽ không tự phát hiện được các triệu chứng sớm của bệnh lý võng mạc do tăng huyết áp. Các triệu chứng này chỉ được phát hiện bởi các bác sĩ chuyên khoa bằng cách kiểm tra mắt định kỳ. Tuy nhiên, có thể có một số triệu chứng đi kèm như: đau đầu và các rối loạn về thị lực.
Làm thế nào để chẩn đoán bệnh võng mạc do tăng huyết áp?
Bệnh võng mạc do tăng huyết áp cần được khám và chẩn đoán xác định bởi các bác sĩ chuyên khoa mắt. Các bác sĩ sẽ dùng đèn soi đáy mắt, kiểm tra mặt sau của nhãn cầu để xác định các dấu hiệu của bệnh võng mạc do tăng huyết áp bao gồm:
- Tiểu động mạch thu nhỏ.
- Tiểu động mạch thu nhỏ, lệch hướng tĩnh mạch ở đoạn bắt chéo.
- Tĩnh mạch thu nhỏ nhọn đầu, lệch vuông góc với đoạn bắt chéo động mạch. Kèm theo xuất huyết hình ngọn nến, xuất tiết mềm dạng bông, xuất tiết cứng.
- Động mạch thu nhỏ như sợi chỉ và phù gai thị.
Bệnh võng mạc do tăng huyết áp được điều trị như thế nào?
Cách tốt nhất để điều trị bệnh võng mạc do tăng huyết áp là kiểm soát huyết áp của bạn để nó trở về mức bình thường.
Làm thế nào để ngăn ngừa bệnh võng mạc do tăng huyết áp?
Để ngăn ngừa bệnh võng mạc do tăng huyết áp, hãy giữ cho huyết áp được kiểm soát bằng cách thay đổi chế độ ăn uống, tập thể dục nhiều hơn và uống thuốc điều trị hạ huyết áp theo đơn của bác sĩ. Ngoài ra, bạn nên tái khám định kỳ để hạn chế các biến chứng của bệnh.
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